Education For All in India with Focus on Elementary Education: Current Status, Recent Initiatives And Future Prospects

Statistical Statements I

Table_1:Literacy Rates (7+ Population)

Table 2: Rural and Urban Distribution of Literacy Rates

Table 3: Adult Literacy Rate (15+ Population)

Table 4: Educational Pattern in States & UTs of India

Table_5: Number of Schools

Table_6: Indicators of Access

Table_7: Habitations Served by Schooling Facilities

Table_8: Population Served by Schooling Facilities

Table_9: Facilities in Primary Schools

Table_10: Growth in Number of Teachers

Table_11: Indicators Concerning to Teachers

Statements II

EFA Year 2000 Assessment

Table 1: Literacy Rate (7+ Population): All India, 1991 and 1998

Year	Male	Female	Total
1991	64.13	39.29	52.21
1998*	73.00	50.00	62.00

Source: * NSSO data. Reported in MHRD (2000d).

Table 2: Rural and Urban Distribution of Literacy Rate: All

India, 1991 and 1998

Year	Rural	Urban	Total
1991	44.69	73.08	52.21
1998	56.00	80.00	62.00

Source: Same as Table 1.

Table 3: Adult Literacy Rate (15+ Population): All India, 1991 and 1998

Year	Male	Female	Total
1991	61.89	34.09	48.54
1998*	70.00	43.00	57.00

Source: *NSSO data reported in Thakur & Mehta (1999).

Table 4: Educational Pattern in States & UTs of India

	STAGE
State/UT	Primary	Middle	Secondary
Andhra Pradesh	I‑V	VI‑VII	VIII‑X
Assam	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Gujarat	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Goa	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Haryana	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Karnataka	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Kerala	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Maharashtra	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Meghalaya	I‑IV	V‑VIII	IX‑X
Mizoram	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Nagaland	I‑IV	V‑VIII	IX‑XII
D & N Haveli	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X
Lakshadweep	I‑IV	V‑VII	VIII‑X

Note : All other States & UTs have Grades I‑V and VI‑VIII corresponding to Primary

and Upper Primary levels of education.

Source : Annual Report: 1994‑95, MHRD, New Delhi

Table 5: Number of Schools, All India, 1950-51 to 1998-99

Number of Schools
Year	Primary	Upper Primary	Ratio of Primary to Upper Primary Schools
1950-51	209671	13596	15.4
1955-56	278135	21730	12.8
1960-61	330399	49663	6.7
1965-66	391064	75798	5.2
1970-71	408378	90621	4.5
1975-76	454270	106571	4.3
1980-81	494503	118555	4.2
1985-86	528872	134846	3.9
1990-91	560935	151456	3.7
1995-96	590421	171216	3.4
1998-99*	626737	190166	3.3
Rate of Growth (%), 1990-98	1.40	2.89	-

* Provisional, Source: MHRD (2000a). The author calculates growth rates and ratios.

Table 6: Indicators of Access, All India: 1965 to 1993

Particulars	2^nd Survey 1965	3^rd Survey 1973	4^th Survey 1978	5^th Survey 1986	6^th Survey 1993
% of habitations having primary schools/sections within 1 Km.	68.58	75.58	80.23	83.83	83.36
% of rural population served by primary schools/sections up to 1 Km.	86.33	90.34	92.82	94.45	93.76
% of habitations served by upper primary schools/sections within 3 Kms	55.50	56.85	69.97	74.00	76.15
% of rural population served by upper primary schools/sections within 3 Km	68.24	68.80	78.83	83.98	85.00

Source: National Council of Educational Research & Training (different survey reports), New Delhi.

Table 7: Rural Habitations Having Population of 300/500 & More and Served by

Primary/Upper Primary Schools/Sections

States/UTs	PRIMARY					UPPER PRIMARY
States/UTs	Served within Habitation (%)		Served up to 1 km (%)			Served within Habitation (%)		Served up to 3 km (%)
	1986-87	1993-94	1986-87	1993-94	1986-87		1993-94	1986-87	1993-94
Andhra Pradesh	92.74	91.86	97.70	97.51	26.60		29.09	75.97	74.45
Arunachal	80.31	83.03	87.80	90.69	38.01		48.09	56.46	73.22
Assam	78.38	65.80	92.71	89.02	23.01		23.31	84.65	88.00
Bihar	73.70	69.95	95.05	94.32	19.98		20.73	88.70	88.24
Goa	59.59	87.10	91.61	95.83	28.50		53.26	93.63	90.49
Gujarat	96.50	96.03	99.23	98.32	65.88		68.59	91.90	92.30
Haryana	94.02	91.04	98.81	97.17	40.98		44.43	89.36	89.17
Himachal Pradesh	64.12	62.35	89.41	87.68	34.17		34.02	90.19	92.41
J & K	83.90	84.97	94.06	93.75	40.36		39.35	92.38	90.76
Karnataka	92.89	92.08	97.36	97.15	49.12		54.54	87.65	89.11
Kerala	75.16	64.29	88.34	83.54	51.16		38.52	94.42	89.59
Madhya Pradesh	87.92	87.04	95.69	94.75	26.73		27.33	70.35	72.04
Maharashtra	93.12	91.47	98.37	96.22	50.98		54.10	85.22	84.25
Manipur	88.99	82.04	98.18	95.26	42.60		43.08	90.37	90.39
Megahalaya	89.34	83.39	95.79	94.01	41.12		42.52	78.85	81.46
Mizoram	97.79	93.92	98.28	95.27	89.64		86.09	92.43	89.47
Nagaland	98.59	88.79	99.58	93.36	39.03		43.24	64.56	70.13
Orissa	82.76	79.91	96.24	96.13	36.86		39.28	88.90	91.73
Punjab	96.26	89.90	99.58	99.17	33.20		31.50	90.87	86.71
Rajasthan	87.09	86.66	90.83	93.05	38.21		39.55	72.31	76.68
Sikkim	83.53	73.55	90.46	85.95	45.64		41.48	83.89	83.84
Tamil Nadu	80.15	70.53	95.44	99.43	25.55		25.79	82.26	85.55
Tripura	58.52	56.06	86.72	86.79	31.14		30.16	93.88	92.80
Uttar Pradesh	47.61	49.62	86.01	85.64	16.88		17.01	80.95	80.89
West Bengal	73.07	54.76	96.71	91.94	14.53		12.03	82.91	87.66
A & N Islands	72.51	70.53	88.30	81.16	50.48		51.85	82.86	82.96
Chandigarh	90.48	83.33	100.00	93.33	57.89		46.67	100.00	96.97
D & N Haveli	65.66	50.66	89.90	88.82	11.76		18.75	82.35	89.58
Daman & Diu	60.00	59.57	93.33	100.00	42.42		54.05	100.00	100.00
Delhi	95.48	67.72	100.00	88.19	43.81		41.67	97.42	98.75
Lakshadweep	100.00	76.92	100.00	100.00	100.00		69.23	100.00	100.00
Pondicherry	82.00	64.60	98.74	97.08	35.53		34.31	95.43	95.10
All India	77.03	73.24	93.72	93.03	29.78		30.33	82.94	87.91

Source: Same as Table 6.

Table 8: Rural Population Served by Schools/Sections, 1993-94

State & UT	Ratio of Primary to Upper Primary Schools	Primary Schools/ Sections				Upper Primary Schools/Sections
State & UT		Within Habitation	Up to 1 km			Within Habitation		Up to 3 kms
	1998-99	1993-94	1986-87	1993-94			1993-94	1986-87	1993-94
Andhra Pradesh	5.95	92.45	97.30		97.62	42.99		79.18	79.43
Arunachal	3.92	70.12	73.35		77.87	33.13		42.20	54.39
Assam	3.69	66.27	93.57		88.61	22.40		83.29	87.16
Bihar	3.90	77.19	95.86		95.51	27.13		88.30	88.33
Goa	10.63	91.77	90.60		97.01	63.94		91.80	92.87
Gujarat	-	97.12	99.45		98.78	76.79		94.43	94.48
Haryana	5.74	94.47	99.37		98.47	64.70		93.12	93.26
Himachal	6.50	45.07	76.64		75.97	17.33		76.04	78.22
J & K	3.38	82.68	90.70		92.37	38.41		85.99	86.78
Karnataka	-	91.11	97.24		96.58	60.86		89.78	91.42
Kerala	2.28	76.67	94.39		89.68	50.54		96.22	91.84
M.P	4.11	84.67	92.92		93.55	31.36		69.58	72.60
Maharashtra	1.88	90.65	97.95		95.82	61.08		88.46	87.64
Manipur	4.08	82.26	97.39		94.12	37.25		80.19	82.24
Megahalaya	4.95	74.05	89.22		87.97	25.57		64.99	69.50
Mizoram	1.68	94.30	98.28		95.77	77.58		82.85	83.38
Nagaland	3.13	92.36	99.45		95.05	47.76		66.41	74.54
Orissa	3.49	76.10	92.83		93.74	34.21		83.35	87.88
Punjab	5.00	90.83	99.59		99.32	45.41		92.49	89.68
Rajasthan	2.37	85.39	92.90		92.55	46.96		77.00	79.00
Sikkim	3.82	65.59	83.11		83.44	26.38		76.20	79.01
Tamil Nadu	5.57	77.16	96.02		99.53	35.36		84.07	87.78
Tripura	4.99	55.43	84.12		85.00	24.92		86.31	85.89
Uttar Pradesh	4.57	60.50	88.07		88.60	21.69		81.88	82.09
West Bengal	18.2	61.22	97.38		93.07	14.16		82.79	87.51
A & N Islands	3.69	70.45	83.01		81.75	44.37		73.57	77.03
Chandigarh	1.41	89.86	99.67		96.07	47.15		100.0	99.30
D & N Haveli	2.67	40.05	85.19		86.83	10.07		65.33	76.05
Daman & Diu	2.41	72.25	94.78		99.22	63.67		99.44	100.00
Delhi	4.45	81.93	100.00		93.83	58.31		98.60	99.05
Lakshadweep	4.75	86.32	100.00		99.73	73.29		99.16	98.74
Pondicherry	3.33	74.75	99.02		97.68	43.73		96.48	95.76
All India	3.30	77.81	94.45		93.76	37.02		83.98	85.00

Source: Same as Table 6 and MHRD (2000a).

Table 9: Facilities in Primary Schools: 1993-94

School Management	Schools having Permanent Buildings (%)	Average Number of Instructional Rooms	Percentage of Schools Having
School Management	Schools having Permanent Buildings (%)	Average Number of Instructional Rooms	Drinking Water	Urinal	Urinal for Girls	Lavatory
Government	38.62	1.64	34.64	13.19	4.97	6.02
Local Body	53.42	1.84	47.80	16.70	6.10	9.06
Private Aided	3.16	1.76	65.96	49.88	32.26	31.53
Private Unaided	4.80	1.84	87.15	78.48	56.53	64.95
All Schools	65.01	1.74	44.23	18.93	8.66	10.86

Source: Sixth All India Educational Survey: 1993-94, NCERT, 1998, New Delhi.

Table 10: Growth in Number of Teachers, All India: 1950-51 to 1998-99

(In '000)

Year	Primary Level		Upper Primary Level
Year	Total	Female	Total	Female
1950-51	538	15.24	86	15.12
1960-61	742	17.12	345	24.06
1970-71	1060	21.23	638	27.43
1980-81	1363	25.09	851	29.73
1990-91	1616	29.27	1073	33.18
1998-99*	1904	34.56	1278	36.31
Growth Rate (%), 1990-98	2.07	4.21	2.21	3.37

* Provisional.

Source: MHRD (2000a). The author computes growth rates.

Table 11: Indicators Concerning to Teachers, 1998-99

State & UT	Pupil-Teacher Ratio		% of Female Teachers		Average Number of Teachers, 1993-94
State & UT	Primary	Upper Primary	Primary	Upper Primary	Primary	Upper Primary
Andhra Pradesh	46	39	34.09	42.53	2.2	5.8
Arunachal Pradesh	38	28	25.74	26.22	2.2	6.7
Assam	35	22	27.88	16.79	2.4	6.5
Bihar	63	49	19.19	22.81	2.1	7.3
Goa	21	17	69.18	68.85	2.8	7.4
Gujarat	51	42	49.80	48.96	2.3	7.5
Haryana	46	24	50.13	34.04	3.3	8.6
Himachal Pradesh	30	19	39.93	23.47	3.0	5.7
J & K	30	22	37.20	37.77	1.9	7.2
Karnataka	32	49	43.62	46.17	2.0	5.6
Kerala	29	29	70.73	66.46	7.6	18.3
Madhya Pradesh	44	33	28.93	29.80	2.5	5.4
Maharashtra	36	39	50.26	40.00	3.3	8.1
Manipur	19	20	34.57	35.36	3.5	10.2
Megahalaya	39	17	46.98	39.58	2.1	4.8
Mizoram	24	11	48.73	25.52	3.9	6.5
Nagaland	20	18	40.81	41.20	4.9	10.6
Orissa	37	34	24.77	14.71	2.4	3.9
Punjab	42	17	62.59	51.30	3.5	5.9
Rajasthan	44	36	30.66	25.79	2.7	7.8
Sikkim	18	19	45.46	36.51	5.1	13.3
Tamil Nadu	39	40	41.45	48.25	3.8	11.1
Tripura	21	16	22.90	22.35	4.5	12.3
Uttar Pradesh	42	30	25.27	22.44	3.5	5.3
West Bengal	52	36	23.20	26.64	3.3	6.4
A & N Islands	20	21	47.27	53.29	4.0	16.4
Chandigarh	26	22	92.31	89.07	9.4	14.7
D & N Haveli	45	46	32.26	57.05	1.6	9.7
Daman & Diu	49	38	60.23	37.57	6.6	7.6
Delhi	38	29	63.59	65.15	11.2	15.0
Lakshadweep	25	21	41.72	50.00	13.6	44.0
Pondicherry	26	24	60.90	52.44	5.3	13.9
All India	42	37	34.55	36.28	2.9	6.9

Source: MHRD (2000a) and NCERT (1998).

Education For All in India with Focus on Elementary Education: Current Status, Recent Initiatives And Future Prospects

Statistical Statements I

Table_1:Literacy Rates (7+ Population)

Particulars

Lavatory